Grammar

CURSO 2012-13
Unit 6
Unit 5
 
Unit 4

Unit 3
 
Unit 2
PRESENT SIMPLE
We use the present simple to express something that usually happens.

   I   +   verb      ( I swim every Monday)

   he
  she   +  verb  +  s   ( He swims every Monday)
   it

   we
  you   +  verb    ( We swim every Monday)
  they

Tip: In the negative and interrogative form we use the auxiliary forms do and does.
       Example: She doesn't swim every Monday.
                     They don't swim every Monday.
                     Does she play basketball?
                     Do  they play basketball?

Unit 1
Adjectives: comparative and superlative 
 
Present Continuous
 We use the present continuous to express something that is happening now.

   I  am  +   verb  +  -ing      ( I am working)

   he
  she   is  +  verb  +  -ing     ( he is sleeping)
   it

   we
  you  are +  verb  +  -ing    ( we are singing)
  they

* There are some patterns to add  "ing" to a verb.
      Pattern 1:  only add  -ing
              sleep-sleeping        laugh-laughing      water-watering
      Pattern 2:  take off the "e"
             make-making         ride-riding            write-writing
      Pattern 3: double the consonant
         run-running     dig-digging    sit-sitting   swim-swimming



 

The time

 CURSO 2011-12

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
We put possessive adjectives before the noun. (adjective + noun)
Example: This is my book.
               His dog is small.
Possessive adjectives are:       my  (mi)
                                           your  (tu, vuestro)
                                            his   (su, de él)
                                            her  (su, de ella)
                                            its   (su, de ello) (neutro)
                                           our  (nuestro/a)
                                           their (su, de ellos/as)

TO BE
Present                                Past
  I am                                  I was
 you are                             you were
  he  is                                  he was          
 she is                                 she was
   it  is                                   it  was     
  we are                               we were
Note the s ending in the third singular person in both present and past tenses.


PRESENT CONTINUOUS
 We use the present continuous to express something that is happening now.

   I  am  +   verb  +  -ing      ( I am working)

   he
  she   is  +  verb  +  -ing     ( he is sleeping)
   it

   we
  you  are +  verb  +  -ing    ( we are singing)
  they

* There are some patterns to add  "ing" to a verb.
      Pattern 1:  only add  -ing
              sleep-sleeping        laugh-laughing      water-watering
      Pattern 2:  take off the "e"
             make-making         ride-riding            write-writing
      Pattern 3: double the consonant
         run-running     dig-digging    sit-sitting   swim-swimming

ADJECTIVES: COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE

Short adjectives (1syllable): old, slow, cheap...

Long adjectives (more than 1 syllable): tired, polite...

Comparative : short adjectives:   Adj. + er

                                    old              older than

                                  cheap        cheaper than

*Adjectives ending in-g,- t,- n gets into gg, tt, nn

Example: big-bigger  hot-hotter  thin-thinner 

 

                         long adjectives:    More + adj.

                          Comfortable      more comfortable than

                              polite             more polite than

Superlative : short adjective:     Adj. + est

                                old                 the oldest

                              cheap             the cheapest

*Adjectives ending in-g,- t,- n gets into gg, tt, nn

Example: big-biggest hot-hottest thin-thinnest

                      long adjectives:      Most + adj.

                      Comfortable      the most comfortable

                          polite             the most polite

Irregular adjectives: 
good     better than       the best 
bad      worse than      the worst

     
PRESENT SIMPLE
We use the present simple to express something that usually happens.

   I   +   verb      ( I swim every Monday)

   he
  she   +  verb  +  s   ( he swims every Monday)
   it

   we
  you   +  verb    ( we swim every Monday)
  they

Tip: In the negative and interrogative form we use the auxiliary forms do and does.
       Example: She doesn't swim every Monday.
                     They don't swim every Monday.
                     Does she play basketball?
                     Do  they play basketball?

ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY
Never: nunca
Sometimes: a veces
Often: a menudo
Usually: normalmente
Always: siempre
-->
* Frequency adverbs tell us how often we do something.
*We use them with simple present tenses, not in the present continuous.
* These adverbs come before the verb.
          Example: We never take the cat to the park.
-->

   But after the verb to be.
          Example: She is always late. (so we can write the contraction She's)

Frequency adverbs1
Frequency adverbs2  
Jobs  

HAVE GOT
                          AFFIRMATIVE
  I                                     (I've got)
 You            have got       (You've got)
 We                                  (We've got)
They                                (They've got)

He                                   (He's got)
She               has got       (She's got)
 It                                     (It's got)
                         
                           NEGATIVE
I
You         have not (haven't)     got
We
They

He
She        has not (hasn't)    got
It

                   QUESTION                                         ANSWER
                  I                                                        I
   Have      you       got?                        Yes,      you            have
                 we                                                     we
                 they                                       No,      they          haven't

                 he                                            Yes,     he            has
     Has     she        got?                                       she
                  it                                             No,      it             hasn't

PAST SIMPLE
 Regular verbs: Present form +  ed
                            watch + ed    =  watched
                             play + ed      =  played
                            listen + ed     =  listened
                            work + ed     =  worked
                            smile + ed     =  smiled
Irregular verbs: present and past form are different words.
                               Present form                           Past form
                                      be                                       was/ were
                                   wear                                        wore
                                     see                                          saw
                                    make                                       made
                                      go                                          went
Negative form
    I                                                                  I didn't  go
  you                                                               You didn't see
  we                                                                We didn't play
  they  didn't + Verb (present form)              They didn't make
   he                                                                 He didn't wear
  she                                                                She didn't work
   it                                                                    It didn't smile

* Third singular person doesn't need an -s ending in the past tense.
     Present :  She plays football.           
                     She doesn't play football.               
     Past:  She played football.
               She didn't play football.